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Objective evaluation by reflectance spectrophotometry can be of clinical value for the verification of blanching/nonblanching erythema in the sacral area
Sophiahemmet University.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0164-3756
Sophiahemmet University.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3204-6583
Sophiahemmet University.
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2014 (English)In: International Wound Journal, ISSN 1742-4801, E-ISSN 1742-481X, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 416-423Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2014. Vol. 11, no 4, p. 416-423
Keywords [en]
Blanching/nonblanching erythema, Category I, Hip fracture, Pressure ulcer, Reactive hyperaemia, Reflectance spectrophotometry
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1078DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12044PubMedID: 23521782OAI: oai:DiVA.org:shh-1078DiVA, id: diva2:535619
Note

Early detection of non blanching erythema (pressure ulcer category I) is necessary to prevent any further skin damage. An objective method to discriminate between blanching/non blanching erythema is presently not available. The purpose of this investigation was to explore if a non invasive objective method could differentiate between blanching/non blanching erythema in the sacral area of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Seventy-eight patients were included. The sacral area of all patients was assessed using (i) conventional finger-press test and (ii) digital reading of the erythema index assessed with reflectance spectrophotometry. The patients were examined at admission and during 5 days postsurgery. Reflectance spectrophotometry measurements proved able to discriminate between blanching/non blanching erythema. The reliability, quantified by the intra-class correlation coefficient, was excellent between repeated measurements over the measurement period, varying between 0·82 and 0·96, and a significant change was recorded in the areas from day 1 to day 5 (P < 0·0001). The value from the reference point did not show any significant changes over the same period (P = 0·32). An objective method proven to identify early pressure damage to tissue can be a valuable tool in clinical practice.

Available from: 2012-06-20 Created: 2012-06-20 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Pressure ulcers - role of the nurse to improve patient safety: prevalence, risk factors, classification and documentation in patients undergoing hip surgery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pressure ulcers - role of the nurse to improve patient safety: prevalence, risk factors, classification and documentation in patients undergoing hip surgery
2012 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Pressure ulcer is a common complication in hip fracture surgery and convalescence. Earlier prevalence studies have demonstrated a lower prevalence in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. In patients with hip fractures, specific risk factors for developing pressure ulcers, apart from those included in standardised risk assessment are not fully understood. Correct classification of Category I pressure ulcers is a prerequisite for planning preventive measures. It is also mandatory for the reliability of prevalence studies. Until now subjective tests such as finger-press test and visual assessment have been utilised in clinical practice. An objective method has hitherto been lacking. Planning and delivering good nursing care to patients who are at risk of, or already have, manifest pressure ulcers should be built on proper documentation. Degree of documentation of pressure ulcer prevalence and risk factors in patients with hip fractures versus elective hip replacement surgery has hitherto not been investigated. Scrutiny of medical records for these diagnoses and identification of potential differences should therefore be of interest.Aim: - To investigate prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers upon arrival and at discharge from hospital, and to identify potential intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers in patients admitted for hip fracture surgery. To establish the inter-rater reliability between blanching and non-blanching erythema, assessed by two independent assessors. The secondary purpose was to investigate potential correlations between risk factors and pressure ulcers. - To explore if a non-invasive objective method could differentiate between blanching/nonblanching erythema in the sacral area of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. - To investigate the degree of documentation regarding risk assessment, preventive measures taken, prevalence and severity of pressure ulcers, in patients undergoing surgery for hip fractures or elective hip replacements at admission and during hospital care at an orthopaedic unit.Results: The prevalence of pressure ulcers in Southern Europe was lower compared to Northern Europe. Specific risk factors such as dehydration (p=.005), moist skin (p=.004), pulmonary disease (p=.006) and diabetes (p=.005) were identified. The finger-press test and visual assessment of Category I pressure ulcers were both unreliable methods with low interrater reliability. The proportion of patients with persistent discoloration differed significantly between the assessors from Day 1 to Day 5 (p = .013). Reflectance spectrophotometer used was proven to deliver high precision regarding classification of non-blanchable erythema (Category I pressure ulcers). Documentation of pressure ulcers, risk assessment, body mass index and prevention at admittance was unsatisfactory in patients undergoing hip surgery.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, 2012. p. 91
Keywords
Hip fracture, Pressure ulcers, Classification, Reflectance spectrophotometer, Nursing documentation
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1201 (URN)978-91-7457-690-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2012-03-30, Erforssalen, Sophiahemmet Högskola, Valhallavägen 91, Ingång R, Stockholm, 14:00
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Available from: 2012-11-29 Created: 2012-11-29 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved

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Sterner, EilaFossum, BjöörnLindholm, Christina

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