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Support for physical activity in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in primary care - the Sophia Step Study
Sophiahemmet University.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4920-252X
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A health promoting-care approach includes supporting the individual to increase control over and to improve his or her health to obtain the best possible wellbeing and quality of life. In prediabetes and type 2 diabetes regular physical activity is of pronounced importance for preventing complications and premature death as well as to enhance quality of life. Supporting the individual in self-management of physical activity and establishing new routines in daily life is a major challenge for the health-care system. There is a need for feasible, low-cost intervention programs to support physical activity in type 2 diabetes care.

The overall aim of this thesis was to design and evaluate the implementation of an intervention in primary care intended to support individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes to become physically active on a regular basis. A secondary aim was to explore the theoretical associations of replacing prolonged sedentary time with time being sedentary but taking breaks, engaging in light intensity physical activity or moderate and vigorous physical activity with health parameters.

Study I was a study protocol describing the assessment protocol and the theoretical framework underlying the randomized controlled trial Sophia Step Study.

Study II was a process evaluation study describing the context of the Sophia Step Study and evaluating the implementation during the first 6 months of intervention. Intervention delivery and dose received were obtained through the process of continuous dialogue with the diabetes specialist nurses, attendance records and data on the number days for step registration and step goal. Changes in physical activity behavior were measured objectively for 159 participants by accelerometers and health outcomes by blood samples, anthropometry and blood pressure. Study III was a qualitative interview study reporting the experiences of 18 adhering participants' after attending 2 years of the Sophia Step Study. Study IV employed a cross-sectional design that included 124 individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. The study investigated the associations of reallocating sedentary time in bouts (>60 min) to sedentary time in non-bouts (<60 min), light intensity physical activity and to moderate and vigorous physical activity with cardiometabolic risk factors.

The participants in the Sophia Step Study were randomized into one of three parallel groups: a multicomponent intervention (A) entailing individual consultations with a diabetes specialist nurse based on motivational interviewing and physical activity on prescription, group meetings and self-monitoring of steps; a single component intervention (B) encompassing self-monitoring of steps; or a control group (C) entailing usual care except for the assessments that were included in the study (study I). Between April 2013 and October 2016 159 persons were recruited. The interventions were feasible to implement in primary care with a low dropout rate (3%) at 6 months and high fidelity to the study protocol, except for the physical activity on prescription component. There was a high grade of delivery and dose among those enrolled in the study. Group A increased mean daily steps with 1097 steps (CI: 232, 1962), group B increased mean daily steps with 1242 steps (CI: 313, 2171) and the control group (C) decreased mean daily steps with 457 step (CI:-1164, 250). Clinical improvements after 6 months were found in the two intervention groups, while the control group showed mixed results (study II). In total 18 participants with high adherence to the interventions and study assessments were interviewed in study III. The health check-ups were described as personalized, giving feedback on health outcomes and positive reinforcement. Overall, the participants felt that they received good care throughout the study. The self-monitoring of steps, the group sessions and the health check-ups were recalled as resources that increased motivation for physical activity, led to the establishment of new daily routines and in empowering them to take control over their own health. Study IV demonstrated that modeling reallocation of 30 min of objectively measured time from sedentary time in 60 min bouts to moderate and vigorous physical activity was beneficially associated with BMI (b = -1.46 95% CI: -2.60, -0.33 kg/m2), waist circumference (b = -4.30 95% CI: -7.23, -1.38 cm), and HDL cholesterol b = 0.11 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21 mmol/l). No associations of reallocating sedentary time from long bouts to shorter bouts or to light intensity physical activity were seen. Accumulating time in moderate and vigorous physical activity was beneficial, independent of the behavior it replaced.

In conclusion, this thesis shows that it is possible to implement self-monitoring of steps both with and without counseling support as a strategy to support individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting. The two interventions were effective in increasing physical activity after 6 months. Self-monitoring of steps, feedback on health outcomes and a personalized approach were highly valued by the individuals and should be considered in primary care. The thesis also confirmed that modeling replacement of sedentary time with time in moderate and vigorous physical activity showed beneficial associations with HDL cholesterol, waist circumference and BMI levels in individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet , 2018. , p. 71
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3225Libris ID: 8jpw3g8p63g89qm0ISBN: 9789178311392 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:shh-3225DiVA, id: diva2:1284736
Public defence
2018-10-11, Erfors- & Weitnersalen, Sophiahemmet högskola, Valhallavägen 91, ingång R, plan 2, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-02-01 Created: 2019-02-01 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Physical activity promotion in the primary care setting in pre- and type 2 diabetes - the Sophia step study, an RCT
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Physical activity promotion in the primary care setting in pre- and type 2 diabetes - the Sophia step study, an RCT
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2015 (English)In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 15, p. 647-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Physical activity prevents or delays progression of impaired glucose tolerance in high-risk individuals. Physical activity promotion should serve as a basis in diabetes care. It is necessary to develop and evaluate health-promoting methods that are feasible as well as cost-effective within diabetes care. The aim of Sophia Step Study is to evaluate the impact of a multi-component and a single component physical activity intervention aiming at improving HbA1c (primary outcome) and other metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity levels and overall health in patients with pre- and type 2 diabetes.

METHODS/DESIGN: Sophia Step Study is a randomized controlled trial and participants are randomly assigned to either a multi-component intervention group (A), a pedometer group (B) or a control group (C). In total, 310 patients will be included and followed for 24 months. Group A participants are offered pedometers and a website to register steps, physical activity on prescription with yearly follow-ups, motivational interviewing (10 occasions) and group consultations (including walks, 12 occasions). Group B participants are offered pedometers and a website to register steps. Group C are offered usual care. The theoretical framework underpinning the interventions is the Health Belief Model, the Stages of Change Model, and the Social Cognitive Theory. Both the multi-component intervention (group A) and the pedometer intervention (group B) are using several techniques for behavior change such as self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback and relapse prevention. Measurements are made at week 0, 8, 12, 16, month 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24, including metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers (HbA1c as primary health outcome), accelerometry and daily steps. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to evaluate dietary intake, physical activity, perceived ability to perform physical activity, perceived support for being active, quality of life, anxiety, depression, well-being, perceived treatment, perceived stress and diabetes self- efficacy.

DISCUSSION: This study will show if a multi-component intervention using pedometers with group- and individual consultations is more effective than a single- component intervention using pedometers alone, in increasing physical activity and improving HbA1c, other metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity levels and overall health in patients with pre- and type 2 diabetes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02374788 . Registered 28 January 2015.

Keywords
Metabolic health, Pedometer, Adults, HbA1c, Behavior change, Intervention
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1951 (URN)10.1186/s12889-015-1941-9 (DOI)26164092 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2015-08-21 Created: 2015-08-21 Last updated: 2023-12-01Bibliographically approved
2. Process evaluation of the Sophia Step Study: A three-armed randomized controlled trial using self-monitoring of steps with and without counselling in pre- and type 2 diabetes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Process evaluation of the Sophia Step Study: A three-armed randomized controlled trial using self-monitoring of steps with and without counselling in pre- and type 2 diabetes
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Feasability, Implementation, Pedometers, Physical activity, Prediabetes, Primary care
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3224 (URN)
Available from: 2019-02-01 Created: 2019-02-01 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved
3. 'This is why I'm doing a lot of exercise': A qualitative study of participant's experiences of the Sophia Step Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>'This is why I'm doing a lot of exercise': A qualitative study of participant's experiences of the Sophia Step Study
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2018 (English)In: International Diabetes Nursing, ISSN 2057-3316, E-ISSN 2057-3324Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Support for physical activity (PA) is central in diabetes care. The Sophia Step Study is a three-armed randomised controlled trial aiming to evaluate different levels of support for increased PA in prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. With the purpose to reveal the programme components and the mediating factors from the participants’ perspective this paper aims to report a qualitative exploration of adhering participants’ experiences after two years’ study participation.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants (men, n = 11, women, n = 7, prediabetes, n = 5, Type 2 diabetes, n = 13, median age 68.5 years) who completed a two-year multi-component (n = 7), singlecomponent (n = 6) intervention or served as controls (n = 5) at a primary care center in Stockholm, Sweden. The interviews were analysed using content analysis with an inductive approach. Sophia Step Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with Identifier: NCT02374788.

Results: The participants recalled the frequent study assessments as providing feedback of health outcomes; positive reinforcement; a sense of sentinel and a personalised approach. Group meetings, pedometers and health check-ups were valued as resources for increased awareness and motivation of PA; establishment of new routines and control over the own health. The long program duration allowed for maintenance of awareness and routines for PA

Conclusion: Adhering participants in theory-based interventions, but also in the control group, identified key mediators to support for PA. Feedback of results, personalised encouragement, emotional support and selfmonitoring should be regarded in self-management of PA to optimise patient motivation and outcomes.

Keywords
Experience, Physical activity, Prediabetes, Sophia Step Study, Type 2 diabetes, Qualitative method, Self-management
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2905 (URN)
Available from: 2018-02-22 Created: 2018-02-22 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved
4. Reallocating bouted sedentary time to non-bouted sedentary time, light activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity in adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reallocating bouted sedentary time to non-bouted sedentary time, light activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity in adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
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2017 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 7, article id e0181053Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential associations of reallocating 30 minutes sedentary time in long bouts (>60 min) to sedentary time in non-bouts, light intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate- to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with cardiometabolic risk factors in a population diagnosed with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.

METHODS: Participants diagnosed with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (n = 124, 50% men, mean [SD] age = 63.8 [7.5] years) were recruited to the physical activity intervention Sophia Step Study. For this study baseline data was used with a cross-sectional design. Time spent in sedentary behaviors in bouts (>60 min) and non-bouts (accrued in <60 min bouts) and physical activity was measured using the ActiGraph GT1M. Associations of reallocating bouted sedentary time to non-bouted sedentary time, LPA and MVPA with cardiometabolic risk factors were examined using an isotemporal substitution framework with linear regression models.

RESULTS: Reallocating 30 minutes sedentary time in bouts to MVPA was associated with lower waist circumference (b = -4.30 95% CI:-7.23, -1.38 cm), lower BMI (b = -1.46 95% CI:-2.60, -0.33 kg/m2) and higher HDL cholesterol levels (b = 0.11 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21 kg/m2. Similar associations were seen for reallocation of sedentary time in non-bouts to MVPA. Reallocating sedentary time in bouts to LPA was associated only with lower waist circumference.

CONCLUSION: Reallocation of sedentary time in bouts as well as non-bouts to MVPA, but not to LPA, was beneficially associated with waist circumference, BMI and HDL cholesterol in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The results of this study confirm the importance of reallocation sedentary time to MVPA.

Keywords
Prediabetes, Type 2 Diabetes
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2743 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0181053 (DOI)28753626 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2017-08-16 Created: 2017-08-16 Last updated: 2021-06-14

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Citation style
  • apa
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  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
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  • Other style
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Output format
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